Showing posts with label Process. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Process. Show all posts

Thursday, August 2, 2012

opinion of Process Validation For Pharmaceutical manufactures

Concept of Validation
According to Gmp definition Validation is "Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently yield a goods meeting its pre-determined specifications and potential attributes."

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Appropriate and unblemished documentation is recognized as being crucial to the validation effort. Accepted Operating Procedures (Sops), manufacturing formulae, detailed batch documentation, turn operate systems, investigational reporting systems, analytical documentation, improvement reports, validation protocols and reports are integral components of the validation philosophy. The validation documentation provides a source of data for the ongoing operation of the premise and is a reserved supply that is used in subsequent process improvement or modification activities.

All validation activities will couple a level of Impact appraisal to ensure that systems, services and products directly influenced by the testing have been identified.

A revalidation program should be implemented based on habit equipment revalidation requirements and on the turn operate Policy.

Types of Validation

Prospective validation
Establishing documented evidence that a piece of equipment/process or law will do what it purports to do, based upon a pre-planned series of scientific tests as defined in the Validation Plan.

Concurrent validation
Is employed when an existing process can be shown to be in a state of operate by applying tests on samples at strategic points throughout a process; and at the end of the process. All data is collected concurrently with the implementation of the process until adequate data is ready to demonstrate process reproducibility.

Retrospective validation
Establishing documented evidence that a process does what it purports to do, based on spin and diagnosis of historical data.

Design Qualification (Dq)
The intent of the Dq is met while the establish and commissioning process by a whole of mechanisms, which include:

- Generation of User Requirement Specifications
- Verification that establish meets relevant user requirement specifications.
- victualer appraisal /Audits
- Challenge of the establish by Gmp spin audits
- goods potential Impact Assessment
- Specifying Validation documentation requirements from equipment suppliers
- bargain with suppliers on the operation objectives
- premise Acceptance Testing (Fat), Site Acceptance Testing (Sat) & commissioning procedures
- Defining construction and premise documentation to help with premise Qualification (Iq).

Installation Qualification (Iq)
Iq provides documented evidence that the equipment or law has been developed, supplied and installed in accordance with establish drawings, the supplier's recommendations and In-house requirements. Furthermore, Iq ensures that a record of the significant features of the equipment or system, as installed, is ready and that it is supported by adequate adequate documentation to enable satisfactory operation, maintenance and turn operate to be implemented.

Operational Qualification (Oq)
Oq provides documented evidence that the equipment operates as intended throughout the specified design, operational or beloved acceptance range of the equipment, as applicable. In cases where process steps are tested, a suitable placebo batch will be used to demonstrate equipment functionality.
All new equipment should be fully commissioned prior to commencing Oq to ensure that as a minimum the equipment is safe to operate, all mechanical assembly and pre-qualification checks have been completed, that the equipment is fully functional and that documentation is complete.

Performance Qualification (Pq)
The purpose of Pq is to provide documented evidence that the equipment can consistently perform and utter its operation specifications over a continued operating duration at a defined operating point to yield a goods of pre-determined quality. The operation specification will reference process parameters, in-process and goods specifications. Pq requires three goods batches to meet all acceptance criteria for in-process and goods testing. For utility systems, Pq requires the utility medium to meet all specifications over a continued sampling period.

The Pq documentation should reference Accepted manufacturing procedures and batch records and spin the methodology of sampling and testing to be used.

What Gets Validated
General
All process steps, production equipment, systems and environment, directly used for the establish of sterile and non sterile products must be formally validated.

All major packaging equipment and processes should be validated. This validation is less comprehensive.
All ancillary systems that do not directly impact on goods potential should be qualified by means of a technical documentation of the extent of the law and how it operates.

Facility
- Manufacturing Area Design.
- Personnel and material flow etc.

Process and equipment Design
Process steps and equipment description. I.e. Dispensing, Formulating, Packaging, equipment washing
and cleaning. Etc

Utility Systems Design
Raw/purified steam, Purified water, Compressed Air, Air conditioning system, Vacuum, Power supply, Lighting, Cooling water, Waste etc

Computerized Systems Design
Information system, Laboratory self-acting equipments, Manufacturing self-acting equipments, Electronic records etc

Cleaning Validation (Cv)
Cv provides documented evidence that a cleaning policy is effective in reducing to pre-defined maximum allowable limits, all chemical and microbiological contamination from an item of equipment or a manufacturing area following processing. The means of evaluating the effectiveness of cleaning involves sampling cleaned and sanitized surfaces and verifying the level of goods residues, cleaning residues and bacterial contamination.

The term Cv is to be used to spin the analytical investigation of a cleaning policy or cycle. The validation protocols should reference background documentation relating to the rationale for "worst case" testing, where this is proposed. It should also explain the improvement of the acceptance criteria, including chemical and microbial specifications, limits of detection and the choice of sampling methods.

Method Validation (Mv)
Mv provides documented evidence that internally developed test methods are accurate, robust, effective, reproducible and repeatable. The validation protocols should reference background documentation relating to the rationale for the estimation of limits of detection and formula sensitivity.

Computer Validation
Computer Validation provides documented evidence to assure systems will consistently function according to their pre-determined specifications and potential attributes, throughout their lifecycle. Leading aspects of this validation advent are the formal supervision of establish (through a specification process); system-quality (through systematic spin and testing); risk (through identification and appraisal of novelty and significant functionality) and lifecycle (through sustained turn control).

Where equipment is controlled by embedded computer systems, elements of computer validation may be performed as part of the equipment Iq and Oq protocols.

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Thursday, July 12, 2012

Parents' Involvement during the College crusade and Application Process

***Do you know about - Parents' Involvement during the College crusade and Application Process

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Allowing your child to show the way the college process independently will help put in order them to be independent when they do go to college.

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Remember that the learner owns their college process. Parents, you are not applying. You should furnish continuous support, be great listeners, but remain on the outskirts.

What is the parents' role in the college process? And how can you help while simultaneously giving your child independence?

Things To Do:

• Keep discussions open about distinct colleges and their requirements for admission. Criticism on your student's projected college list

• Help maintain schedules concerning application deadlines

• help with college investigate methods

• Work on the financial arrangements that will reserve the college education. Elaborate any financial boundaries or geographic limits to your child.

• Get educated. Visit websites where free information is available.

• Help your child arrange campus visits and let them ask most questions while on the information tours.

• Take a close look at your student's applications before they are submitted.

Back your child with advice and support, but allow them to remain autonomous. You can make great secretarial aides during the college process: help with creating folders, electronic and paper files and an application checklist, but stay away from your child's college essays! Parents can help their child with navigating various college websites. Parents and students generally enjoy preparing for college life either it be selecting items for their dorm rooms, navigating campus maps or discussing procedure options.

What Not To Do:

It is vital that parents do no essay writing for their learner or make major corrections on applications (as students should do this on their own). College essays must have an authentic tone. College admission officers see the writing score on standardized tests and a considerable divergence would raise flags.

Continuous communication and listening to your learner is crucial in determining what your learner would like from their education. Your advice toward suitable decisions is perfect but be truthful not to enforce your own beliefs about what college should be on your student.

Parents, keep stress at bay and remain realistic about your child's college choices. If your child does not gain entry to their first option college, it is not necessarily a loss but an occasion to see what else is ready - remain positive!

The most prominent thing is that your learner finds the right college match... The environment that your learner will thrive in socially, academically and be happy!

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Tuesday, May 1, 2012

How to come to be a Pharmacist (Pharm D Background Info, Application Process, Pharmacy Careers)

Pharmacist Requirements - How to come to be a Pharmacist (Pharm D Background Info, Application Process, Pharmacy Careers)
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Intro
With an ever addition query for condition care, more and more students are inspecting a vocation as a pharmacist. Before you make that decision, you should come to be aware of the requirements and vocation opportunities ready for pharmacists. As a pharmacy school student, I have not only experienced the application process but also researched many aspects of the pharmacy profession.

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According to a May 2008 Bls report, there are 266,410 pharmacists in the United States who earn an midpoint of .13/hour (4,620 annually). Salaries vary based on geographical location, employer, and other factors. Many newly registered pharmacists description huge signing bonuses in more rural or in query areas.

As time passes, pharmacists continue to be given more and more responsibilities within the condition care system. Contrary to popular belief, a pharmacist's job does not constitute counting pills from 9 to 5. Only 62% of pharmacists hold primary society (retail) pharmacy positions (Bls). Other arresting pharmacy careers include positions in a clinical setting (administering drugs as a part of a medical team), a investigate lab, a government department (e.g. Poison control), a university, a corporation, a nuclear pharmacy (compounding and dispensing of radioactive materials for use in nuclear medicine procedures), and many others. Unlike other medical pro careers, pharmacy has a diverse range of careers available. In addition, most pharmacists do not need any residency perceive for most careers (you will need 1-2 years of residency perceive to come to be a clinical pharmacist).

The addition query for Pharmacists
Pharmacy careers expect a whopping 22% growth in jobs ready from 2006 to 2016 (May 2008 report). With the habitancy aging and filled prescriptions increasing, the query for pharmacists is projected to grow in all pharmacy settings. Although job placement varies based on geographical location, pharmacists will have small issue seeing a job.

Pharm.D. Degree
The physician of Pharmacy Degree (Pharm.D.) requires a minimum of 2 years of undergraduate coursework (most students receive a bachelor's a degree prior to starting pharmacy school) followed by 3 to 4 years of Pharmacy school. Out of high school, students can apply for Pharmacy schools that have a joint undergraduate and Pharm.D. Program which lasts from 5 to 7 years. These programs are also known as "0-6 programs" or "early assurance programs." It is leading to note that a physician of Pharmacy Degree is dissimilar than obtaining a Ph.D. Or M.S. In Pharmacy. The Bachelor's degree in Pharmacy has been phased out for the most part, although you may occasionally hear about a registered pharmacist (R.Ph.), who only received a B.S. In pharmacy before the implementation of the Pharm.D. As the norm for pharmacists. I don't know much about online Pharm.D. Program, but I am very skeptical about these programs as pharmacy school is very truthful with many hands on labs, which would be impossible to do online. Pharmacists are technically doctors (Dr.), but many opt to just place the 'Pharm.D.' title after their names.

Undergraduate Majors
There is no requirement or restriction on undergraduate majors for pharmacy school. Many students select to pursue Biological Sciences and Chemistry majors as many of the pharmacy prerequisites are requirements for those majors. Other students pursue a wide range of majors (business, art, psychology, economics, engineering, etc.) before starting their pharmacy careers. In the end, successful completion of prerequisites is what de facto matters; however, selecting a biology or chemistry (or similar major) may give you a stronger science background to get ready you for the material presented to you in pharmacy school.

PharmCas
PharmCas (Pharmacy College Application Service) is the "centralized application aid for applicants." Although a majority of the pharmacy schools use this service, there are a few pharmacy schools that select not to use PharmCas. Students use PharmCas to submit Letter of Recommendations (done whether online or by paper), transcripts, a personal statement, and additional application information. This aid is not free, and you will need to pay 0 for first pharmacy school and for each pharmacy school after that. It is leading to note that some pharmacy schools want you to send in some of the application material Directly to them in addition to sending it to PharmCas.

Supplemental Application
Many schools also want a supplemental application and an additional fee in addition to the PharmCas application. The supplemental application ordinarily contains essays which gives a clearer photo of the candidate and his or her fit with a pharmacy school. PharmCas has a pharmacy school information page, which lists all of the pharmacy schools and their specific application requirements.

Interview
Every pharmacy school requires the infamous interview process to judge your fit for their program. Although the weight placed on the interview varies from school to school, one's operation at an interview is a vital factor to receive admission to pharmacy schools.

Prerequisites
Prerequisites vary greatly from school to school. You can also find browse the school list supplied by PharmCas to get more information on the perquisites. You may apply for pharmacy programs before completing all of your prerequisites, but you must unblemished them before matriculation. For exact policy equivalencies (exact policy numbers from your institution), check to see if the school you are applying for has a webpage that allows you to check to see the exact policy numbers from dissimilar schools. I know that Usc and Uop have this ready for students. Ucsf and Ucsd has their policy equivalencies listed on Assist.org.

Prerequisites can be taken at your primary convention or at a society college. If you already have a bachelor's degree, it is more frugal to attend a society college to knock out all your prerequisites. If you are currently enrolled as an undergraduate at a university, it is ordinarily okay to take a few prerequisites at a junior college; however, you do not want to make it seem as if you are dodging all the difficult policy requirements.

Pcat
The Pcat is the "Pharmacy College Admissions Test." Not all pharmacy schools want the Pcat (14 pharmacy schools that use PharmCas do not want it, my other description lists these schools). The material covered on the Pcat as described from the Aacp website: The Pcat is divided into detach sections, or subtests, each of which is timed separately. While the time allowed for each subtest, you will be permitted to work only on that section. You will not be allowed to go back to earlier subtests or on to later ones. As you work on each section, you may find it useful to first respond the questions that are easy for you, skipping over those questions to which you will need to return for additional thought. There are six content areas measured by the Pcat in seven (7) detach subtests:

o The Verbal capability section
o The Biology section
o The Reading understanding section
o The Quantitative capability section
o The Chemistry section
o The written essays (2)

Gpa
Your Gpa (overall and science) is the most leading aspect of your application profile. Each school has dissimilar standards when it comes to Gpa, and by browsing the PharmCas pharmacy schools page you can get an idea of what dissimilar pharmacy schools expect. Remember that an midpoint Gpa means that students with Gpas under and above that value are accepted. Schools may vary on how they consider scoring classes that you retake, so you should get in perceive with pharmacy school admission offices to get more information.

Letter of Recommendations
One to four letters of recommendations are required in the application process for pharmacy schools. Schools differ on who they accept letters of recommendations from, so it is leading to know what is thorough by seeing at the school profile pages on PharmCas. ordinarily speaking, receiving letters of reference from pharmacists and science professors who know your capability and inherent on a personal level will be the most beneficial.

Financing Pharmacy School
Like other pro degrees, financing your way to a Pharm.D. Is significantly more costly than undergraduate programs. Government grants that you may have received for your undergraduate Program are ordinarily no longer available, so paying for your tuition will primarily depend on learner loans. Make sure you apply for Fafsa before their deadline, so that you are considered for some of the government loans. It is also a good idea to apply for national, school, corporate, online, and local scholarships. Any money that you can get for free to pay down your tuition will mean less money you will be paying on interest for the life of the loan. Even a 00 scholarship will decrease your loan amount by 00 along with all the interest you would have paid While the life of the loan. I will provide a list of scholarships that are ready in the near future.

Pharmacy Experience
Although pharmacy perceive is not a requirement for admission into pharmacy school, working in a pharmacy is a great way to beef up your resume and also get a feel for what it is like working in a pharmacy. You may also consider obtaining your Pharmacy Technician license so that you may be given more responsibilities within the pharmacy. See if thorough students at dissimilar pharmacy schools have had pharmacy work perceive or a pharmacy tech license by searching applicant profiles.

Dual Degrees
In addition to the Pharm.D., some students may pursue an additional degree (Mba, Jd, PhD, Mph, etc.) in order to fill more specific niches in the pharmacy world. You can check which pharmacy schools offer dual degree programs on PharmApplicants.com (Useful Links -> Dual Degree Chart). If you are curious in any of these programs, you should undoubtedly start by researching them on pharmacy school websites or contacting the office of admissions of pharmacy schools to get more information. additional requirements (such as the Gmat and additional letters of reference) are staggering for most of these programs. At some universities, these dual degree programs may eliminate your summer vacation or have you fall back a year from your pharmacy class as you unblemished your additional degree before going back to your pharmacy studies.

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